What does Rodney Carney do well?

Andres Perezchica grew up in California and was at UC Berkeley during the Warriors’ We Believe era. He then studied a master’s program in Finance in Monterrey, Mexico, where he became intrigued by the growing field of Sports Economics. He is currently living back in California.  Andres previously authored a study of D-League players and last first round draft choice.

In their new book Pro Basketball Prospectus: 2010-11, Bradford Doolittle and Kevin Pelton preview every team in the NBA. When assessing Golden State Warriors’ new addition Rodney Carney, Doolittle and Pelton write that he “needs to figure out what he does well and cut out the rest.” Here is a hint as to what he is good at, and what he may need to cut out:

“Carney’s love affair with the three-point line continues unabated, though he barely cracked a 30 percent success rate from there. He is pretty effective in isolations, when he is less prone to settle for the outside shot, and also runs the floor well. Defensively, Carney’s teams have been consistently better when he’s on the floor.”

Warriors Head Coach Keith Smart already named his starting line-up, and Dorell Wright is going to start at the small forward position. But Carney will see spot minutes behind Wright or at shooting guard behind Monta Ellis. Let’s take a look at what kinds of things will keep him on the floor.

First, we turn to Alberto Alvarez’s Wins Produced to see his overall effectiveness. Carney was a below-average performer last season but has been steadily improving over his four-year career. After producing in the negative for his first two seasons in the NBA, essentially taking wins away from his team, he has seen his production rise into the positive range the last two years. In the following table, we see Carney’s production over the first four seasons of his career.

Carney has seen an improvement every season in the league, even with less playing time last season for the Philadelphia 76ers. In this table, we can also see that Carney has gone from a bad investment to somewhat of a bargain. His rookie contract expired after the 2008-09 season, in which he made $1.656 million. He then signed for the veteran’s minimum of $855,000. Because of this pay cut and his increased improvement, Carney more than doubled his Wins Produced per Million dollars earned from his third to fourth season. The Warriors hope he can continue his improvement and develop into an above-average performer for them this season, at a discounted rate.

So how has Carney been able to make this improvement, and what does he need to focus on to keep it up? For answers, we look at the numbers in Doolittle and Pelton’s comments on the Warriors. Below are some of the statistics used in their evaluation of Rodney Carney.

As the table shows, Carney’s Usage rate has decreased over the last three seasons. (Basketballprospectus.com defines Usage rate as FGA + (.44*FTA) + TO.) A decrease in Turnovers is one reason why his Usage rate was lower and his efficiency higher last season. Another reason for this change is his shot selection. The percentage of Carney’s shots that came from the free throw line is represented in Table 2 by the statistic FTA%. You can see that he got to the free throw line more last season than in any other. In addition, he has improved his free throw shooting percentage in every season, making his ability to get to the line more effective. This is a major reason Carney has seen his production rise over his career, and something that will earn him minutes in the Warriors’ rotation.

We can also see improvements in Carney’s rebounding and passing of the ball. Last year he posted his highest ratings in both Rebound and Assist Percentage (Here, Rebound Percentage is the percent of total rebounds available that Carney grabs; Assist Percentage is the percent of his team’s assists that he gives out.). Carney is adding possessions to his teams by rebounding at a higher rate and being more efficient when making decisions with the ball. This is especially important on a team with small guards in Ellis and Stephen Curry. His ability to help rebound and start the fast break will allow the Warriors to play at a fast pace.

The best way for Carney to get extended minutes off the bench will be by playing good defense. He has shown that he can defend perimeter players, taking on the responsibility of defending the opponent’s best perimeter player in the past. His teams have been better defensively with him on the floor, so this is something Coach Smart will count on when he puts Carney on the floor.

- Andres Perezchica

Tigers, Lions, and How Expectations and Understanding Randomness Impacts Fan Happiness

The Wages of Wins Journal is supposed to be one of the very top basketball blogs. But both The Wages of Wins and Stumbling on Wins devote the majority of their pages to something other than basketball.  And the majority of my published research is about something besides the NBA.

That being said… this forum is primarily about basketball. Except for today. 

The Detroit Tigers just finished a “disappointing” season (one can see the disappointment in Steve Kornacki’s season review at MLive.com).  In 2009, the Tigers won 86 times and finished tied with the Minnesota Twins after 162 games.  This past season, though, the Tigers only won 81 times and finished 13 games behind the Twins (although – and I know this might hurt fans of the Twins to hear this – both the Tigers and Twins won the same number of playoff games this year). 

These two results have left fans of the Tigers wondering what happened.  How did the Tigers regress?  For an answer we turn to my favorite baseball blog.  Lee Panas – author of Beyond Batting Average (an excellent book on sabermetrics) – has a blog called Tiger Tales.  Recently Lee offered a post  –The Tigers Lose Their Close Game Magic–comparing what the Tigers did in 2009 to what we saw this past season.  Here is some of what Lee had to say:

The 2009 Tigers barely outscored their opponents 745 to 743.  You would expect a team with such a small run differential to finish with 81 wins, but the Tigers managed to win 86 games.  The reason was because they had a record of 52-33 in games decided by just one or two runs.  At the time, I theorized that they won so many close games, in part, because of Fernando Rodney’s high save conversion rate (37 for 38), seven walk-off wins and some luck.

This year, the Tigers had remarkably similar runs scored and runs allowed totals to 2009.  They outscored their opponents 751 to 743, but won just 81 games.

…why did they win five fewer games this year when their run differential was six runs more than it was in 2009?  The reason was because they had less success in close games.  After finishing 19 games above .500 in games decided by one or two runs last year, they were 33-38 this year. It’s hard to blame their bullpen which was better than last’s year’s crew according to most statistics including ERA, FIP and WPA.  They also had their share of dramatic victories early in the season.  Some might attribute the difference in close game performance to poor managing or less desire to win, but I’m going guess that it was just a random thing

Lee’s analysis indicates that the Tigers in 2010 were about the same as they were in 2009. In fact, in terms of runs scored and runs surrendered, the 2010 team was a little bit better. But random elements (a note I put in bold) in the game led to slightly fewer wins.  And I think that should give the Tigers some encouragement going forward. 

This past season the Tigers suffered some fairly significant injuries.  Furthermore, the team gave a great deal of playing time to rookies (I think the Tigers in 2010 played more rookies than any Detroit team had played in more than 50 years).  Since rookies tend to get better, there is hope the Tigers will be better in 2011.  In sum, I think fans of the Tigers should be relatively pleased about how the 2010 season finished (given the injuries and youth of the team).  And fans should also be optimistic about the future.

Of course, I am also a Lions fan.  And as a Lions fan, I have become quite good at “unrealistic optimism” (something to remember in evaluating my comments on the Tigers). With the Lions victory yesterday, here is where the team stands after five games: 1 win, 4 losses, 126 points scored, 112 points surrendered.

If we focus on wins and losses – even with yesterday’s 44-6 victory over the Rams – Lions fans can’t be too happy.  But in terms of scoring, there is reason for optimism.

As we saw in the discussion of the Tigers, scoring can be translated into wins.  And if the Lions maintained this record with respect to points scored and points surrendered across an entire season, we would expect such a team to win 9.2 games.

This expectation is based on the following simple regression (estimated with team data from 2005 to 2009):

Winning percentage = 0.493 + 0.0017*Points Scored in a Season – 0.0017*Points Surrendered in a Season

Such a model explains 86% of winning percentage in the NFL.

One can also employ the Pythagorean approach.  This approach – adapted from the work of Bill James and applied by Pro Football Reference to the NFL – argues that a team’s expected record can be determined via the following formula:

Expected record =~ PF^2.37 / (PF^2.37 + PA^2.37)

I re-estimated the Pythagorean model with NFL data from 2005 to 2009 and I found the coefficient was 2.52 (as opposed to 2.37).  Either way, though, the model explains about 85% of outcomes and we should expect – if the Lions maintain their current scoring marks – to win about nine games (in other words, I am not convinced the Pythagorean approach – with either coefficient — is a vast improvement over a simple linear regression).

Of course, the Lions have already been “unlucky”.  Given their current mark, if they play as a 9-7 team the rest of the season the Lions will only finish with seven victories.  Still 7-9 is a huge step forward.  On November 4 of 2007, the Lions defeated the Denver Broncos 44-7.  This victory left the Lions with a 6-2 mark at the halfway point of the 2007 season.  From that point forward — up until yesterday — the Lions had only won three games in 44 contests (yes, the Lions had a mark of 3-41 across 35 months).  So if the Lions finish 7-9, fans of this team will hardly be disappointed.

And that leads us to an interesting observation.  How you feel about your team depends upon your recent experience, your expectations about the future, and your understanding of how “luck” impacts outcomes in sports.  Fans of the Tigers are disappointed because the team in 2009 came very close to the post-season, while this season the team – despite posting very similar results with respect to runs– was 13 games out of the playoffs.  If fans of the Tigers fully understood how randomness impacted outcomes, I think there would be less unhappiness.

Turning to the Lions, this team will probably not make the playoffs with a 7-9 record.  But if the Lions managed to win six more times this season, fans of this team would be extremely happy (at least, this fan would be very happy).

All of this suggests that if a team can manipulate expectations it can change the happiness of their fans. So maybe this is why the Lions lost 41 out of 44 games.  It was all done to make us happy with a 7- 9 team.  And if that was their objective, I have to say it probably worked.

- DJ

Scoring is Vastly Overrated!!

“Mama there goes that Meme!” is a weekly HoopSpeak feature in which Beckley Mason and Ethan Sherwood, like curious extraterrestrials, probe, abuse, and ultimately learn from a popular media meme.

As one can see via the above link, part of this week’s conversation is the following sentence and picture:

Cut to the final scene of Braveheart, with Dave Berri as William Wallace, shouting “Scoring is vastly overrated!” as he fades away to blackness.

To find out what that means (if anything), spend a bit of your Sunday reading Beckley Mason (previously linked to here) and Ethan Sherwood (previously linked to here).

- DJ

Rudy Gay does what he is paid to do

Does the preseason matter?  Two years ago – in a small study that needs to be updated – I presented evidence that what we see for rookies in the preseason tells us something about the regular season.   When it comes to veterans, though, one suspects (and I have not actually looked at this) that what we have seen in last regular season tells us more than the current preseason.  And certainly what we see from one game can’t tell us anything at all.

Nevertheless…

Rudy Gay – who signed a very large contract this past summer – scored 18 points last night for the Memphis Grizzlies.  This fact was noted in the very first line of the game recap.   A fact not noted in the recap – but clearly seen in the box score – is that Rudy Gay played 23 minutes and never grabbed a single rebound.  Just for the record, Gay is 6ft. 8 in. tall.  One would think at that size he could bother to get a rebound.  And one might think a failure to do this would warrant a mention in the article.

Once again, one game doesn’t mean much.  The past regular season means far more.  Unfortunately for fans of Memphis, here is what Gay has produced in four regular seasons:

2009-10: 3.9 Wins Produced, 0.059 WP48

2008-09: 2.3 Wins Produced, 0.037 WP48

2007-08:4.2 Wins Produced, 0.068 WP48

2006-07: 0.1 Wins Produced, 0.003 WP48

In four seasons, Gay has been below average [average Wins Produced per 48 minutes is 0.100] every time.  And he has only produced 10.6 wins.  Yes, Gay can score.  And this is why Gay was given an $82 million deal this past summer (yes, that is a maximum contract).  But Gay doesn’t produce wins because he doesn’t excel at the facets of the game that lead to victories.  In other words, other than scoring, he doesn’t do much.

Again, it was only one preseason game.  But it doesn’t look like the pattern is changing.  Gay did get his points last night.  As for rebounds… well, he didn’t get a maximum deal to go after boards.  And with deal in hand – at least for one night – getting one board was apparently too much trouble.

- DJ

Taking the over/under on Awards for Big Men

The following is taken (stolen, copied, whatever word you like) from Nerd Numbers the Blog (i.e. from Andres Alvarez, the person responsible for automated Wins Produced).  I am copying this post for thee reasons (beyond the obvious “copying is easy”).

1.  Overrated and Underrated arguments always make for good discussions (or at least “discussions”).

2. Andres notes the productivity of Bill Laimbeer (one of the all-time great Pistons).

3. Andres makes a great point at the end of this article about Basketball-Reference.  We all enjoy the numbers from Basketball-Reference. So we (and I mean Andres, Arturo Galletti, and I) think we should all support this resource.  Andres and Arturo have already sponsored a page. I plan on choosing a page to sponsor in the next week or so.  Hopefully everyone who reads posts here can do the same.

This article may use several advanced stats. All of these are based on box score statistics that are adjusted for other factors including pace, position and team. A general scale is given for these, and links to advanced explanations are listed at the bottom of the page.

  • Wins Produced per 48 Minutes (WP48) – The number of wins a player produces in 48 minutes of play. 0.100 is average and 0.250 is considered the “superstar threshold”.
  • Win Shares per 48 Minutes (WS/48) – Very similar to Wins Produced per 48 minutes. This is also the number of wins a player generates in 48 minutes of play with 0.100 being average. Win Shares better players tend to have a threshold closer to 0.200.
  • Player Efficiency Rating (PER) – This is a per minute stat based on box score data and league pace. It is adjusted so that 15.0 is average, 18.0 is good and 22.5 is “all-star”

Evan caught a mistake I made. I somehow left Bosh out of the top 10 big men of the last two years. I will actually say you readers have been great at catching my mistakes and pointing them out in a polite fashion. In traditional media I’d have an editor and you’d have to wait for content. Now you guys are my editors and it seems to be working out.

From that tangent I’ll get to the point. Evan earned a post as thanks. Evan could have wasted this on a simple question but Evan went for broke. Could I name the most overrated/underrated big men of all time? This is actually a huge and interesting problem. Learning from my mistake with role players, I’m going to start small and potentially grow this article. I may go along with this problem more. Arturo may snatch it up and do amazing analysis at some point. All that said I’ve started my analysis and have a fun bit to share with you.

Let’s start with rating. There are two real hallmarks of time that define player ratings; Awards and All-Star games. All-Star games are fan driven. While this certainly is a good place to look for perception, I am going to focus on awards. Awards are picked by coaches and writers. Another way to think of this is “experts” pick award winners. If they choose the wrong player then it clearly shows a bias for/against a player. In 1983 the NBA started keeping track of the Defensive Player of the Year. That seemed a good place to start looking at overrated/underrated big men. For part one of this problem I just counted up the number of MVPs, Defensive Player, All-NBA team and All-Defense team awards a player received. I then counted up the number of seasons (from 1983-2010) the player was a top 10 big man in the league. (I used Dr. Berri’s numbers for these). To rank underrated players I looked at players that never received an award but had been in the ten big men at least once. To rank overrated player I looked for players that received at least one award but never placed in the top ten big men. Here are the lists, I hope you enjoy them!

Top  Overrated Big Men from 1983-2010

1) Kareem Abdul Jabbar

  • Awards: 1983 All NBA 1st Team, 1984 All NBA 2nd Team and All-Defense 2nd Team, 1985 All NBA 1st Team, 1986 All NBA 2nd Team
  • Award Year Minutes: 10450
  • Award Year Wins: 37.8
  • Award Year WP48: 0.173

Kareem was a great player before 1983. However, by 1983 he was long past his prime. The league still handed him five awards. Now, Kareem was still a good player, he was just far removed from the amazing player he was earlier in his career. Also in 1985 Kareem showed some life and played quite well. Unfortunately he fell just short of top of the top ten. This overrated player is probably easiest to swallow as heck he had been arguably the greatest center of the 70s and he was still winning championships. It’s a shame age caught up with him. This story has been painfully retold with Shaq.

2) Clifford Robinson

  • Awards: 2000 All Defense Team 2nd Team, 2002 All Defense 2nd Team
  • Award Year Minutes: 5512
  • Award Year Wins: -6.0
  • Award Year WP48: -0.052

I wanted to avoid picking a fight. Players with just All-Defense awards are hard to say are overrated using an all-inclusive metric like the Wins Produced. However, in Clifford’s case I take exception. He may have been a good role player. His net effect on the court was negative wins! I can’t really accept a player as “All” anything if they are losing games for the team.

3) Tom Chambers

  • Awards: 1989 All NBA 2nd Team, 1990 All NBA 2nd Team
  • Award Year Minutes: 5450
  • Award Year Wins: 3.4
  • Awar Year WP48: 0.0297

This guy made it to two consecutive WCF finals and averaged over 25 points a game. Of course he’s all NBA right? Unfortunately, the answer is no. The Suns had a good team but they also had a below average PF in Tom Chambers. On the plus side Kevin Johnson (the best player on the team) also got the same award both years so it wasn’t a complete loss.

4) Vin Baker

  • Awards: 1997 All NBA 3rd Team, 1998 All NBA 2nd Team
  • Award Year Minutes: 6100
  • Award Year Wins: 18.3
  • Award Year WP48: 0.144

I put Vin in the same boat as Kareem. He was good, just not great. I guess the lockout and alcohol induced problems stopped that from ever happening. He did crack 10 wins in a season, that’s something.

Top Underrated Big Men from 1983-2010

1) Bill Laimbeer

  • Years in top 10 Big Men: 83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90
  • Minutes Played: 22584
  • Wins Produced: 121.7
  • WP48: 0.259
    Dr. Berri has mentioned Bill Laimbeer quite a few times over the Wages of Wins Journal. The fans liked him but he never won an award in 8 years of dominating the big men of the NBA. Even with the Pistons winning two consecutive championships he got no respect. Of course Tom Chambers managed to make it to the All-NBA second teams, while Bill was out ruling the East.

2) Jack Sikma

  • Years in top 10 Big Men: 83,84,85,86,87
  • Minutes Played: 13285
  • Wins Produced: 67.4
  • WP48: 0.244
    Say Hello to another fan favorite that was snubbed. For five consecutive years Sikma put up great numbers, just teetering on the Superstar threshold. Earlier in his career he even got a ring. Of course he ended his career with no individual accolades. Sorry Jack!

3) David Lee

  • Years in top 10 Big Men: 07-10
  • Minutes Played: 9930
  • Wins Produced: 60.5
  • WP48: 0.292
    David Lee I’m so glad you left the terrible franchise that is the Knicks. Hopefully new ownership and a new coach will make people notice how great you actually are in Golden State. It’s still a travesty that Walsh let you go, but their loss is the Warriors gain.

4) Michael cage

  • Years in top 10 Big Men: 85-87
  • Minutes Played: 7865
  • Wins Produced: 56.6
  • WP48: 0.254
    Long before the Clippers were failing with Marcus Camby playing amazingly, they were failing with Michael Cage playing amazingly. According to Wikipedia he actually got into a “rebounding duel” with Charles Oakley! I find that cool. Sadly you won’t find any accolades next to his name, just a large resume on forgettable teams.

5) Tyson Chandler

  • Years in top 10 Big Men: 04,06-07
  • Minutes Played: 7497
  • Wins Produced: 45.1
  • WP48: 0.289
    Before injury took him down a peg, Chandler was a top player in the league. He teamed up with Chris Paul to help make the Hornets a contender. Sadly they blew their money on an overpaid shooter, Chandler went down with injury and no one noticed how good he was. The Mavs are hoping he’ll come back. I am too.

Thank Evan for the great post idea and I hope you enjoyed it. An interesting note on the underrated bigs is that excluding Chandler they were all good for several consecutive years and didn’t get noticed. The other sad part is that only Bill Laimbeer played on a team that was able to capitalize on his skills and actually compete. As for the overrated, I am happy I got to put Kareem up there, especially after my comment in jest.

See you next time,

-Dre

P.S. In a recent conversation with DJ the point of Basketball-reference came up. A few days I put up a post about making sure we credited where the numbers come from (see below) Of course, the Economists brings up the topic of compensation. With that he suggested sponsoring a page. Arturo and I have both now done this. It’s a great idea and I highly recommend it. Sadly Melo was out of my price range and Iggy was taken, so I went with someone else. DJ will be posting about this next week, so you can find out then. (Or if I get lazy this weekend, it’s a nice trivia question)

The Stats